Internal Data Search by Text Descriptor
Emissions removal efficiency from diesel gensets using aftermarket PM controls
Diesel particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health effects in humans and is classified as a human carcinogen. Additionally, the strongly light absorbing fraction, black carbon (BC), has been identified as an important climate forcer. For these reasons, the effectiveness of aftermarket controls on reducing PM and BC from three stationary diesel gensets (230, 400, and 600 kW) of varying engine displacement (from 8.8 to 27 L) and physical size was investigated. Uncontrolled emissions were compared with emissions controlled with a passive (P-DPF) and active diesel particulate filter (A-DPF) and a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Overall, the DPFs resulted in significant PM mass removal (*80–99 %), while the DOC resulted in statistically insignificant reductions (*0–25 %). Both BC and elemental carbon (EC) removal followed a similar trend, but EC/PM ratios varied from 0 to 0.79 over all test conditions, indicating changes in PM composition with the addition of aftermarket controls or changes in load. Further, the single scattering albedo of PM was slightly decreased from the DPFs compared to the uncontrolled case. Particle number concentrations were also significantly reduced when using DPFs, with a greater than 97 % reduction in particle concentrations with the P-DPF and greater than 82 % reduction with the A-DPF. The DOC exhibited much lower particle reductions, reducing the particle concentration by only 5–35 %, depending upon the genset or load. These results demonstrate that while DPFs are effective at reducing PM and BC emissions, the particle characteristics are altered from those of uncontrolled emissions.
Revision Date: 8/16/2016
Tags: Diesel Particulate Filter
Emission Control for Stationary Engines
This white paper by the association of suppliers (MECA) was issued in 2015 covers catalyst technologies for rich and lean burn engines and also oxidation catalysts and particulate filters. Regulations are summarized. NOx conversion efficiencies for NSCR range from 90 to 99%, CO 90-99%, and HCs 50-90%. Formaldehyde and other HAPS 80-95%. Both precious metals and base metals are used in SCR systems. Base metals such as vanadium and titanium are used for exhaust gas temperatures between 450°F and 850°F. For higher temperatures (675°F-1100°F) zeolite catalysts are used. °Support can be metallic or or ceramic. Reagent injection rate is a function engine. SCR can obtain 95% efficiency on NOx. Ammonia slip catalysts are needed with temperature fluctuation. Lean NOx catalyst (LNC) is used on diesel and lean burn engines. A small amount diesel fuel is injected upstream of a zeolite catalyst. PM is destroyed by oxidation catalysts or particulate filters. The oxidation catalyst is usually platinum or palladium on a honeycomb substrate n a canister. The diesel particulate filter traps soot particles and chemically oxidize them with efficiency in excess of 90% for total particulate and 99% for black carbon.
Revision Date: 7/28/2016
Tags: Catalyst, VOC, CO, Reciprocating Engine, NOx
European Standard EN779.2012 for Air Filters Measures Minimum Efficiency
This technical paper discusses European standard EN 779.2012, which classifies air filters based on their lowest filtration efficiency. The standard is designed to take into account the deterioration of air cleaning ability due to such factors as electrostatic charges in synthetic filters.
Revision Date: 4/22/2015
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Camfil Farr, Air Filter, Efficiency, Air Filtration, Air Intake
Boiler Feedwater Pump Efficiency Optimization - Yokogawa
The optimization of boiler feedwaer operations depends on controlling feedwater and drum pressure. The Yokogawa Dpharp can measure pressures up to 2000 psi and can measure across a range of pressures with high accuracy. Significant energy and maintenance reduction is achieved with optimization of pressure differential.
Revision Date: 9/17/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Yokogawa Electric, Boiler Feedwater Pump, Efficiency, Optimization
Coal to Natural Gas Electric Utilities Repowering: Consequences for Valve Usage and Replacement
US power generating plants are converting from coal to other fuels in large numbers. In some cases the existing infrastructure is (to the extent possible) retained, with only the combustible material being altered. In the “middle” are plants that "repower" by using an existing turbine to run on steam from a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) that draws (recycles) exhaust heat from a new gas turbine, together forming a combined cycle. At the other end of the scale are newly constructed power plants, which are predominantly gas-fueled. Each of these three repowering alternatives requires a different quantity of new valves, often of varying types.
Revision Date: 9/10/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Crane, Valve, Repower, Fuel Switching
EPRI’s Guideline on Chemistry for Fossil Units with Air-cooled Condensers (ACCs)
This paper provides the results of the first worldwide survey of a number of fossil and combined cycle/HRSG plants with air-cooled condensers (ACCs). It includes documentation of the surface condition of the duct surfaces, defining serious corrosion/flow accelerated corrosion regions and guidelines for operating plants with ACCs.
Revision Date: 9/8/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Structural Integrity Associates, Xcel Energy, EPRI, Air Cooled Condenser, Cycle Chemistry, Corrosion, Dry Cooling
Degasification with Liqui-Cel® Membrane Contactors
This paper describes Membrana’s Liqui-Cell membrane contactor. Locating a Liqui-Cell unit after reverse osmosis units can extend the life of ion exchange beds and enhance electrodeionization (EDI) performance.
Revision Date: 9/8/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Membrana, Membrane Filter, Ultrapure Water, Degasification
The Sandardized Sulzer Pumps MD Range Meets CCGT Boiler Feed Requirements
Although most once-through HRSGs are sub-critical, their BFPs have to provide very high pressure. In order to increase pressure, BFPs have more stages and shafts with higher torque capacity than conventional pumps. The Sulzer MD range meets these requirements.
Revision Date: 8/19/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Sulzer Ltd., Boiler Feedwater Pump, Boiler Feedwater Treatment
Flow Accelerated Corrosion is a Problem to be Addressed
Better water chemistry and design have reduced the FAC potential but a number of steps need to be taken to minimize the risk.
Revision Date: 6/11/2014
Tags: Tetra Engineering, Heat Recovery Steam Generator, Corrosion, Maintenance, Heat Recovery
What are the water quality issues? Bill Harfst indicated that with chemical additions the cooling tower cycles of concentration can be increased from the present 3-4 to as many as 10. This greatly reduces water use.
Revision Date: 6/5/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Harfst and Associates, Cooling Tower, Cooling
Alan Gaulke of AECOM highlighted some of the important aspects of cooling water intake structure rules.
Revision Date: 6/5/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, AECOM, Water Intakes, 316(b), Water Intake
Measuring Ammonia Slip from Post Combustion NOx Reduction Systems
In many facilities there may be room for process improvement that could reduce operating costs or provide revenue enhancement opportunities. Operating SNCR or SCR technology closer to its limit offers these benefits but increases the risk of high ammonia slip. The risk could be abated with the use of ammonia monitoring technology. But, except for gas-fired plants, continuous ammonia slip monitoring technologies have not been available at a practical price to facilitate these cost-saving or revenue enhancing improvements. Conditions that exist in high dust, high temperature, high NOx and/or high SO2 environments make most analyzer methods of continuously measuring ammonia unsuitable for application to coal plants. An overview of the technologies available for measuring ammonia in the high dust region downstream of a Nox reduction system and the status of their development is provided.
Revision Date: 4/14/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Andover Technology Partners, SNCR, SCR, Analyzer - TDL, Analyzer - NH3, Ammonia Slip, Monitoring, Ammonia Monitoring
Constellation Energy installed SNCR systems at the CP Crane Station, units 1 and 2. These SNCR systems use continuous ammonia slip analyzers that work on the principle of tunable diode laser (TDL) spectroscopy and provide continuous, real-time indication of ammonia slip in the duct. These analyzers facilitated optimization of the SNCR system to avoid high ammonia slip transients that are the principal contributors to downstream problems normally associated with ammonia slip.
Revision Date: 4/14/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Constellation Energy, Tourgee & Associates, Andover Technology Partners, Analyzer - NH3, SNCR, Analyzer - TDL, Ammonia Slip, Monitoring, Ammonia Monitoring, USA
Predictive Emissions Monitoring is an option for gas turbine NOx measurement
Thomas Eisenmann is presenting a paper at CEM 2014 which explains why predictive monitoring is an option for the primary monitoring of gas turbines and duct burners or as a secondary measurement tool. PEMS offer significant cost benefits with lower capital expenditures as well as much lower operational and maintenance cost than CEMS. PEMS and DAHS require for operation very little or no plant manpower. CEM 2014 The 11th International Conference and exhibition on Emissions monitoring will take place in Turkey in the country’s financial and cultural capital, Istanbul, from the 14th – 16th May 2014.
Revision Date: 4/14/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Durag, Predictive Emissions Monitor, Analyzer - Nox, Monitoring, Nox Monitoring
New Solutions for Improved Intake Air Filtration of Gas Turbines and Turbocompressors
Paper presented by Freudenberg at the ASME TURBO EXPO ‘96 Birmingham highlighting Viledon filters.
Revision Date: 3/31/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Freudenberg Filtration Technologies, Air Filter, Air Filtration
Customized Filter Concepts for Intake Air Filtration in Gas Turbines and Turbocompressors
Paper presented by Freudenberg at the 3rd Filter Colloquium “Progress and Development Trends in Gas Purification with Filtering Separators” in 1993 highlighting Viledon filters.
Revision Date: 3/31/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Freudenberg Filtration Technologies, Air Filter, Air Filtration
Glass Fiber Media vs. Synthetic Media in Gas Turbine Applications
Koch Filter examines the fiber choices for gas turbine environments.
Revision Date: 3/26/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Koch Filter, Filter Media, Air Filtration
Bulletin by Camfil outlines the definition of a HEPA filter. In order to meet industry practices and standards, every HEPA filter must be tested after all components are assembled. Camfil also tests the media upon factory arrival for conformance to specifications.
Revision Date: 3/26/2014
Tags: Camfil Farr, HEPA Filter, Performance, Testing
Nanofiber Media Performance in Application to Motor Vehicle Air Filtration
The function of air filtration systems in motor vehicles is to improve air quality and cleanliness in car interior, control the respirable particle concentration in the operator’s cabin, and reduce the dust concentration in the engine intake air to an acceptable level. In these applications, limited space is available for the air filtration systems. Therefore, filters are designed in smaller packages, resulting in higher aerosol velocities through the filters. Such high aerosol velocities may cause dust reentrainment leading to an increase in the amount of dust penetrating the filter. Moreover, motor vehicle environments are extremely varied and these environmental and operational conditions influence filter performance.
Revision Date: 3/20/2014
Tags: Cummins, Nanofiber, Air Filter, Filter Media, Air Intake, Air Filtration
Recent Development in Heavy Duty Engine Air Filtration and the Role of Nanofiber Filter Media
The development of an engine air filter is based on filter performance requirements, vehicle’s operational environment, available space, filter media properties, and production technology. The design process includes analyses of theoretical and empirical models describing filter media performance and aerosol flow in filter housings and through filter elements. Filter media are carefully selected based upon these models and simplified laboratory tests. The filter element design is evaluated in great detail through a series of laboratory and field experiments.
Revision Date: 3/20/2014
Tags: Elmarco, Cummins, Air Filter, Nanofiber, Filter Media, Air Intake, Air Filtration
Nanofiber technology, i.e., the fabrication of very small fibers typically having a diameter of less than 1 micron, has been known and practiced for many years. This report highlights the drawbacks of the electrospinning process as compared to a new nanofiber coating process. Further discussed are the advantages of using a nanofiber coating in filtration applications to improve depth filtration and pulse-cleaning ability. Introduced here is a next-generation nanofiber technology specifically designed to enhance filtration media.
Revision Date: 3/20/2014
Tags: Immo Schnieders, Nanofiber, Air Filter, Filter Media, Air Filtration, Air Intake
Rapid Startup Analysis of a Natural Circulation HRSG Boiler with a Vertical Steam Separator Design
B&W PGG has introduced a new concept for a rapid start HRSG by, among other things, incorporating the use of one or more vertical steam separators instead of an HP steam drum.
Revision Date: 2/3/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Babcock & Wilcox, Heat Recovery Steam Generator, Vertical Separator, Heat Recovery
Gas turbine Fogging Nozzles require High Pressure Pumps
Mee is a supplier of fogging systems including the pumps. Here is the pump specification: High-pressure fog pump units shall be ceramic plunger type with all wetted parts being stainless steel, ceramic or Buna rubber. Pumps shall be operated at not more than 700 rpm at full flow and rated for not less than 2000 psi maximum operating pressure.
Revision Date: 1/13/2014
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Mee, Fogging System, Air Intake
LNG Process Uses Aeroderivative Gas Turbines and Tandem Compressors
A new LNG process uses an aeroderivative gas turbine to drive two centrifugal refrigerant compressors.
Revision Date: 12/16/2013
Tags: 211111 - Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 原油和天然气开采, Technip, GE, Rolls Royce, Compressor, Aeroderivative Gas Turbine, LNG, Schematic
This paper discusses the use of HEPA filtration technologies to reduce fouling of compressor blades and consequential power loss. The compressor of a gas turbine consumes a significant amount of energy during operation; consequently, the efficiency of the compressor is very important to maintain optimum performance and has a huge impact on the machine thermal efficiency, power output and its long term component health.
Revision Date: 10/23/2013
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, European Turbine Network A.I.S.B.L., Compressor, HEPA Filter, Efficiency, Air Filtration
Technology Review of Modern Gas Turbine Inlet Filtration Systems
A review of the considerations for selecting an inlet filtration system by covering (1) the characteristics of filters and filter systems, (2) a review of the many types of filters, (3) a detailed look at the different environments where the gas turbine can operate, (4) a process for evaluating the site where the gas turbine will be or is installed, and (5) a method to compare various filter system options with life cycle cost analysis.
Revision Date: 11/29/2012
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Air Filter, HEPA Filter, Air Inlet House, Cost, Life Cycle Cost, Air Filtration, Air Intake, International Journal of Rotating Machinery
Fabric Expansion Joints - Terms and Definitions
A glossary of terms prepared by the Quality Association for Fabric Expansion Joints.
Revision Date: 11/22/2010
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Expansion Joint, Exhaust Handling
Analysis of Metal and Fabric GTX Expansion Joints
Deciding whether to use a metal or fabric expansion joint generally depends on the application specifications, according to this analysis prepared by EJS.
Revision Date: 11/4/2010
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Expansion Joint, Exhaust Handling
Design Criteria for Gas Turbine Exhaust Fabric Expansion Joint Assembly
Flexfab Niagara supplies fabric expansion joint assembly according to Specification from GE Schenectady’s multi-disciplinary 6FA, 7F/A, 9F/FA Task Force, April 1996
Revision Date: 11/4/2010
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, Flexfab Niagara, Expansion Joint, Exhaust Handling
Problems & Solutions with Expansion Joints in Gas Turbine Exhaust Systems
A white paper by James Walker Townson.
Revision Date: 10/25/2010
Tags: 221112 - Fossil Fuel 化石燃料, James Walker Townson, Expansion Joint, Exhaust Handling